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Speaking of Vallabhbhai's decision to leave his practice and join the path of satyagraha, Gandhi said 'Vallabhbhai told himself "No doubt my practice is flourishing today. I am also doing something big in the municipality. But the struggle for the peasants in Kheda is bigger than that. My practice may or may not be there tomorrow. My money will be blown tomorrow; those who inherit my money will blow it. Let me leave them a higher legacy than money.' For nation-building in the sense of enhancing the capacity of state institutions, building state-society relations and also external interventions, see State-building. Smith, Anthony D. (8 January 1991). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Wiley. p.17. ISBN 978-0-631-16169-1– via Google Books. Etzioni, Amitai. "The folly of nation building." National Interest 120 (2012): 60–68; on American misguided efforts online
a b Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021). "The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years". American Political Science Review. 115 (1): 179–198. doi: 10.1017/S0003055420000647. ISSN 0003-0554. This pathbreaking book was originally published in 1983. Gellner famously defined nationalism as “primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent” (p. 1). He emphasized the role of industrialization in the emergence and spread of nationalism through the introduction of mass schooling and assimilation into a high culture. Richmond, Edmun B. (1993). "Senegambia and the Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disillusions". Journal of Third World Studies. 10 (2): 172–194. JSTOR 45193442 . Retrieved 28 September 2021. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had reverted only to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
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The Government of India sent V.P Menon to Srinagar to assess the situation before taking a decision. 'The Maharaja was completely unnerved by the turn of events and by his sense of lone helplessness' says Menon speaking of his visit. The Prime Minister of J&K apprised Menon of the perilious situation and once again pleaded with the Government of India to come to the rescue of the State. Returning to Delhi, Menon conveyed the gravity of the situation to the Defence Committee which decided on sending assistance to Kashmir provided the Maharaja acceded to India. Francis Fukuyama, who in 1992 famously predicted “the end of history” because liberal democracies and free market economies suggested an endpoint in the evolution of government, said that external forces can erect the skeleton of state in an embattled country, creating police forces, administrative structures, and taxing authorities. But nation-building goes further and involves a shared sense of national identity, built on elements that tie people together — such as shared culture, language, and history — that cannot be imposed from without. The influx of migrant workers and refugees to nation-states in the global North and West has tended to increase cultural and ideological fragmentation and tension, especially in cases where the immigrants’ religion and culture are very different from those of the host society, where immigrants are concentrated in urban ethnic enclaves, and where immigrants do not assimilate. Under such conditions, tensions between the majority and minority groups emerge and intergroup violence becomes more prevalent. Among majority groups, the presence of nonassimilating minorities amplifies internal struggles over the meaning of the national collective identity, the nation’s core ideology, and the definition of national interests. In the early 21st century these phenomena were especially evident in conflicts between the ultranationalist right and the liberal left in Europe and the United States. Global capitalism and neoliberalism
a b c Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2021). "Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841. Leach, Michael (2016). Nation-Building and National Identity in Timor-Leste. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781315311647. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023 . Retrieved 28 May 2022. There is an ongoing debate about the future of nations − about whether this framework will persist as is and whether there are viable or developing alternatives. [41]Hobsbawm, E.; Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Azar Gat also argues China, Korea and Japan were nations by the time of the European Middle Ages. [20] Criticisms [ edit ]
A significant early use of the term nation, as natio, occurred at Medieval universities [23] to describe the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was elected twice as a procurator for the French natio. The University of Prague adopted the division of students into nationes: from its opening in 1349 the studium generale which consisted of Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish nations. Reynolds, Susan (1997). Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300. Oxford. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) In the midst of such multiple challenges and bearing such huge responsibilities, Patel held his head above the water and continued to swim past the roaring tide to build a nation. The geography of India with territorial and administrative continuity and integrity would not have been but for this man's vision and perseverance. He lent his iron will and steely determination to create India. Coakley, J (2017). " "Primordialism" in nationalism studies: theory or ideology?" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 24 (2): 327–347. doi: 10.1111/nana.12349. S2CID 149288553. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2022 . Retrieved 28 September 2022.Woods, Eric Taylor; Schertzer, Robert; Kaufmann, Eric (April 2011). "Ethno-national conflict and its management". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 49 (2): 154. doi: 10.1080/14662043.2011.564469. S2CID 154796642.
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