RED5 Round Mini Volcano Lamp - Miniature Novelty Bubble Desk Light

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Wynne B (1996) May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide. In: Lash S, Szerszynski B, Wynne B (eds) Risk, environment and modernity: towards a new ecology. Sage, London, pp 44–83 Examples include Hawaii, Iceland and Yellowstone. If the plate overlying the plume moves away from the hot spot, a new volcano can be formed. The previous volcano cools to become dormant and eventually extinct. This sequence forms a volcanic chain such as with the Hawaiian Islands Crona B, Hubacek K (2010) The right connections: how do social networks lubricate the machinery of natural resource governance? Ecol Soc 15(4)

Volcano Light is acream, marble look quartz material that comes in amatte & polished texture. It is supplied to Polish Granite by Compac company specialising in stone slab production. Why Volcano Light is the perfect material for stone kitchen worktops?Winson AE, Costa F, Newhall CG, Woo G (2014) An analysis of the issuance of volcanic alert levels during volcanic crises. J Appl Volcanol 3:14

De la Cruz-Reyna S, Tilling RI (2008) Scientific and public responses to the ongoing volcanic crisis at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico: importance of an effective hazards-warning system. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 170:121–134 Hall S (1980) Encoding / decoding. In: Hall SH, Dorothy, Lowe A, Willis P (eds) Culture, media, language: working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79. Hutchinson in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, London, pp 166–176 In addition, contingent institutional factors need consideration as they are shaped by local cultural, political and judicial systems. The dynamics of USGS policy, governance and operations had a profound effect on the resources required to provide an effective VALS, such as funding for monitoring capabilities, staff resources and protocols for issuing warnings. Education and outreach were essential activities to ensure that stakeholders are aware of VALS and how they work, but these required significant staff time and resources. In addition, each user group will also have their specific institutional and legal remits, factors and limitations to consider. Inevitably these factors, along with securitisation, influence how communities will respond to a warning. In summary, VALS differ greatly between countries, with some including only descriptions of the level of physical phenomena (e.g. differing criteria of volcanic unrest and size of eruption), whilst others include hazards, potential impacts and risk mitigation actions (including evacuations). Some include forecasting, whilst others do not. Designing new VALS and evaluating or revising existing systems requires an understanding of these options. These processes benefit from being able to draw upon the experiences of others in similar situations, and the related theory of risk (and crisis) communication. With increasing levels of technology and communications methods (such as social networking), it is imperative that VALS used by volcano observatories around the world retain their credibility and trust, and work to serve legal, political and local community requirements. This requires further investigation in understanding how uncertainties are conveyed and represented within the VALS and how these are perceived by key decision makers, as discussed by Fearnley ( 2013) and Fearnley et al. ( 2017). It is also important to note that the original intent of VALS may vary in different countries and that intent is very different from the reality of the task, resulting in VALS evolving in different ways over the years, in part to deal with changing technologies, growing and more complex societies and differing legal and institutional remits and protocols. It is important to again highlight that current knowledge and research on VALS remains limited. It is not yet possible to outline appropriate or inappropriate use of VALS or to establish guidelines, in part because each VALS and institution using them is driven by their unique, and changing set of contingencies. The VALS Working Group as part of WOVO are working to gather vital information and empirical data on VALS that is much needed to answer many outstanding issues about the use and effectiveness of VALS.

Peterson DW, Tilling RI, Kilburn CRJ, Luongo G (1993) Interactions between sceintists, civil authorities and the public at hazardous volcanoes. In: Active Lavas. UCL Press, London, pp 339–365